Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland＂ water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation. ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

关中平原降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

为探究关中平原降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源,本研究选取关中腹地的杨凌站点次降水为研究对象,利用当地2015～2018年间的98场次降水样品及同期气象资料,分析该地区降水氢氧稳定同位素(δ~2H、δ~(18)O和δ~(17)O)组成特征及其影响因素,建立当地大气降水线和三氧同位素大气降水线方程,并利用δ~(18)O、d-excess和~(17)O-excess指标尝试探讨当地可能存在的降水水汽来源,定量描述海洋和内陆源水汽对区域降水的贡献.结果表明,杨凌地区降水氢氧稳定同位素存在明显的季节性变化,同位素组成雨季(5～10月)贫化,旱季(11月～次年4月)富集;当地大气降水线的斜率和截距分别为7.7和9.1,说明研究区降水受到一定程度的蒸发分馏影响;三氧同位素大气降水线斜率为0.528,介于海水平衡分馏斜率(0.529)与水汽扩散斜率(0.518)之间,表明研究区处于海洋气团向内陆干旱区迁移的路径上.综合分析δ~(18)O、d-excess和~(17)O-excess,发现研究区降水受到来自东南季风的暖湿气团和来自西风的干冷气团的共同贡献,其中约有55%～79%的降水水汽来源于海洋,主要集中于6～8月; 21%～45%的水汽来源于内陆和局地蒸发,主要集中于10月～次年4月. 5月和9月降水水汽来源复杂,可能受海洋水汽和内陆水汽的共同补给.     

成都平原核心区土壤砷空间变异特征及影响因素

掌握土壤污染物的空间变异特征及其影响因素是开展土壤污染防治的前提.基于189个表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析了成都平原核心区土壤中w（As）的空间分布特征,并探讨了成土母质、水系和土地利用方式对土壤中w（As）的影响.结果表明:①研究区土壤中w（As）在3.74~35.32 mg/kg之间,平均值为14.64 mg/kg,其中超过GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》风险筛查值的采样点仅占总采样点的7.53%.②地累积指数分析结果表明,研究区土壤As处于无污染至轻度污染状态.③研究区土壤中w（As）总体呈西高东低的趋势,高值主要分布在都江堰市的南部、崇州市的东北部以及邛崃市与新津县接壤处.土壤As的块金系数为26.60%,属于中等程度变异,受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响.④由于人类活动的增强,成土母质对土壤中w（As）的影响已经不显著.距水系越近,土壤中w（As）越高.土地利用方式对土壤中w（As）空间变异的影响程度最大,不同土地利用方式下土壤中w（As）差异显著,表现为园林地>农林地>水稻-小麦轮作>水稻-油菜轮作>水稻-蔬菜轮作.研究显示,成都平原核心区土壤中w（As）总体偏低,高值区主要分布在都江堰市的南部、崇州市的东北部和邛崃市与新津县接壤一带;土地利用方式对土壤中As空间变异的影响超过水系和成土母质.      

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, northeast China

Population demography, seed production, biomassallocation, net photosynthesis and transpiration of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations and between two years in Songnenplain, northeast China were compared. Strong differences betweenthe dry 1997 and moist 1998 occurred in vegetative shoot and sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and tiller densities, aswell as in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers perinflorescence, seed weights and biomass allocation in eachpopulation respectively (P<0.01). While strong differences betweenthe two populations occurred in vegetative shoot densities, sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and seed weights in eachyear (P<0.01). The differences between the two populations intiller densities and in biomass allocation to sexual shoots were significant (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two populations in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers per inflorescence and biomass allocation to rhizomes and vegetative shoots (P>0.05). Excepting the transpiration rate in the early June, the differences between the two populations in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate of vegetative shoots and sexual shoots were strongly significant in the early June and July respectively (P<0.01). Relative stable variations in population demography and physiological traits between the two populations indicated that they are divergently in the Songnen Plain.     

三江平原沼泽湿地污水处理的实地模拟研究

现场模拟发现，沼泽湿地生态系统对污水中N、P的净化速度随时间的延长呈指数规律下降，初期净化效果与污水中N、P的含量为正相关关系。毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）生态系统和乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）生态系统对N、P的去除量大于纯沼泽水，毛果苔背系统又高于乌拉 苔草，表明植物各类和重量、泥炭土厚度等都影响净化效率。通过统计显示，毛果苔草生态系统不同组分对N的净化能力大小的排列次序为：茎叶＞泥炭＞根系＞枯落物；对P的净化能力排列次序为：根系＞泥炭＞茎叶＞枯落物。按单位质量组分对P的去除量由小到大对比，泥炭：茎叶：枯落物：根第为1.00:1.81:2.95:3.84；而对N的净化效果由小到大对比，泥炭：枯落物：根系：茎叶为1.00:1.62:2.00:5.11。毛果苔果地上部分单位干重对N的吸附量是地下部分的大约2.6倍，表现出N具有从根系向茎叶传递积累的特性；相反，毛果苔草地下部分单位干重对P的吸量是地上部分的大约2.1倍，显示P主要积累于毛苔草的根系中。     

华北平原分区适宜性农业节水技术与潜力

华北平原现状农田灌溉水利用率为43 1 % ,节水潜力较大。论文通过分区诊断与适应性农业节水技术评价计算 ,提出了2010年和2030年水平年分区适宜性农业节水技术发展的综合排序 ,并以现状为基点 ,计算与分析了两个水平年分区不同农田灌溉技术的发展规模和相应的节水量     

人工湿地系统在河网水质污染治理中的应用初探

姚北平原河网水体榨菜废水污染严重，根据废水的排放特点，分卤水落水前、卤水落水期和卤水落水后3个典型时段对河网水质进行监测，结果表明，其污染类型为有机污染。基于榨菜废水排放的分散性和不定期的特点，提出人工湿地系统治理榨菜废水污染的方案设想，并就工艺流程、耐盐型水生植物等进行了初步探讨。     

三江平原小叶章湿草甸CH4地-气交换特征

用密闭不透明箱-气相色谱法对三江平原小叶章湿草甸进行了为期2 a的现场观测研究.结果表明三江平原季节性积水的小叶章湿草甸全年CH4排放呈明显的双峰型变化.在非冰冻期(5月至10月)CH4排放通量为0.297～18.914 mg·m-2·h-1, 排放峰值出现在6月和8月、9月;冰冻期(11月至次年4月)CH4排放通量为0.048～2.921 mg·m-2·h-1, 排放低值出现在冬季的12月至次年3月之间,以及发生季节性干旱的7月.冰雪覆盖下的小叶章湿地依然有CH4排放,冰冻期CH4排放量约占全年排放总量的4.94%.在季节性积水或过湿的环境中,小叶章湿草甸CH4排放通量的季节变化主要由温度和土壤水分条件共同控制,其日变化特征表现为白天排放通量大,夜间则小.     

植物修复在水环境生态修复中的应用

介绍了平原河网水资源现状及问题成因,对植物修复在水环境生态修复中的应用作了详细的论述,分析了其存在的问题,展望了植物修复应用的发展方向。